Inductive Reasoning vs Deductive Reasoning

Deductive reasoning is a type of reasoning which goes from general to specific. Deductive reasoning is based on premises and if the premises are true, then the reasoning will be valid.

http://examples.yourdictionary.com/deductive-reasoning-examples.html#Ir3pJrYiuXVIu3oi.99

In mathematics, If A = B and B = C, then A = C.

The value of this information is more certain, however, this information is also a lot unclear and less informative then Induction.

Inductive reasoning is the complete opposite of Deductive reasoning. The term "inductive reasoning" refers to reasoning that takes specific information and makes a broader generalization that is considered probable, allowing for the fact that the conclusion may not be accurate. So moves from specific to general.

http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-inductive-reasoning.html#gzLqcihswYJS6bH0.99

This dog is a Labrador, that dog is a Labrador. A third dog is a Labrador, therefore all dogs are Labradors. 

The value of this information is a lot more informative. However, it is less certain that it is the truth.

Deduction and induction by themselves are inadequate to make a compelling argument. While deduction gives total proof. There is no place for observation or experimentation, no way to test the validity of the claim. While induction is driven by observation, it never approaches actual proof of a theory. Therefore it is better to use both together to form a compelling argument.

http://food4tho.blogspot.com/2014_06_01_archive.html

HOW RELIABLE IS THE KNOWLEDGE PROVIDED BY OUR SENSES?

Sense-perception is the awareness of things by sight, hearing, touch, smell and taste. One persistent and traditional problem, sometimes called “the problem of perception”, is created by the phenomena of perceptual illusion and hallucination: if these kinds of error are conceivable, how can we always trust our senses to provide us with reliable information?

I think sense perception is an important way of knowing. It is used really commonly, with a majority of knowledge is gained through sense perception. We sit in class – use sight to read the notes and our hearing to hear the teacher say important things. Although some people are born with disabilities where they do not have access to one or more sense.

 In class we had an interesting task of trying to explain the color red to a blind person. It was an impossible challenge. With that I was able to draw a theory that people with disabilities where one or more of their senses is impaired, experience the world differently than we do, and it is hard to explain to them what they cannot experience. Another example is trying to explain how music sounds to a deaf person.

In a subject like History where it solely relies on recorded evidence or physical evidence that is found many years later, sense perception may be used during the time of event, where the witness may write down what they see as what is happening, even though they may misinterpreted something incorrectly, but we have to trust their sense. It is also a problem when it comes to having eyewitnesses in court. A person finds it quite challenging to remember small details, with added stress and pressure of crime (maybe it is even very gruesome) it is very difficult to judge a suspect solely based on the eyewitness testimonial. Although nowadays it is generally just used as a guide and never taken very seriously without strong evidence.

Overall, sense perception is a significant way of knowing, but sometimes we should be aware of the limitations of our senses and combine other W.O.K to be sure of a knowledge claim. Do the horizontal lines appear straight? They are.

http://www.theoryofknowledge.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/optical_illusions_2_Optical_illusions-s495x385-43982-580.png

This image appears to have bent lines to our eye, although all lines are straight. This is an example of where our sight may be incorrect in perceiving the right image.

What do we lose from a text when it is translated?

Translating a document has become as easy as copying the URL and pasting it onto a translator online, like Google or Bing. Although governments use translators or interpreters while speaking, for example in the USA there are 63,600 translators or interpreters in 2012. 

 [http://www.bls.gov/ooh/media-and-communication/interpreters-and-translators.htm]. It is a high value job, and it is very important not make any mistakes as it could have dire consequences. It could lead to wars if a country’s translator said a phrase that would be normal in their own country, but it is taken in a different way in another country. This is where the problems of translation lie.

Misinterpretation was suggested as a significant problem. A message may lose its effect. For example, comedy in English when translated to French. Also cultural meanings where word context and connotation can be misinterpreted due to cultural differences. Word in one language, phrase in another language.

A very interesting news article I read talked about this issue. A man received $71 million dollars as doctors misinterpreted the word ‘intoxicado’ in Spanish and translation was provided by a bilingual staff member who translated "intoxicado" as "intoxicated." A professional interpreter would have known that "intoxicado" is closer to "poisoned". He was actually suffering from an intracerebral haemorrhage, but the doctors proceeded as if he were suffering from an intentional drug overdose, which displayed similar symptoms. He went on to sue the hospital for malpractice after he became quadriplegic. He received a malpractice settlement of $71 million. 

[http://mentalfloss.com/article/48795/9-little-translation-mistakes-caused-big-problems]

Overall, I feel like interpreters have to be spot on if the gist/meaning of a phrase should be shared. They should follow the criteria for translation and should not guess. They should seek expert opinion if the translation is key to finding out an ailment or something related to medicine.

 https://www.pinterest.com/pin/80361174571043121/

Here is a humorous example of how a simple translation error can be very wrong.